CHEMISTRY - VOCABULARY TERMS & DEFINITIONS

CHEMISTRY VOCABULARY TERMS & DEFINITIONS

• Add these terms & definitions to your 3 x 5 cards
• DUE:  10/15, Monday

atom

The smallest object that retains properties of an element. Composed of electrons and a nucleus (containing protons and neutrons).

atomic number

Number of protons in an element.

charge

Describes an object's ability to repel or attract other objects. Protons have positive charges while electrons have negative charges. Like charges repel each other while opposite charges, such as protons and electrons, attract one another.

compound

Two or more atoms joined together chemically, with covalent or ionic bonds.

covalent bonds

When two atoms share at least one pair of electrons.

double bond

When an atom is bonded to another atom by two sets of electron pairs.

electron

One of the parts of the atom having a negative charge. Indivisible particle with a charge of -1.

electronegativity

Measure of a substance's ability to attract electrons.

element

Substance consisting of only one type of atom.

empirical formula

Formula showing the simplest ratio of elements in a compound.

ion

Removing or adding electrons to an atom creates an ion (a charged object very similar to an atom).

ionic bonds

When two oppositely charged atoms share at least one pair of electrons but the electrons spend more time near one of the atoms than the other.

isotopes

Elements with the same number of protons but have different numbers of neutrons, and thus different masses.

Lewis structures

A way of representing molecular structures based on valence electrons.

mass number

The number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

molecular formula

Shows the number of atoms of each element present in a molecule.

molecule

Two or more atoms chemically combined.

neutral

An object that does not have a positive or negative charge.

neutron

A particle found in the nucleus of an atom. It is almost identical in mass to a proton, but carries no electric charge.

orbitals

An energy state in the atomic model which describes where an electron will likely be.

oxidation number

A number assigned to each atom to help keep track of the electrons during a redox-reaction.

oxidation reaction

A reaction where a substance loses electrons.

oxidation-reduction-reaction

A reaction involving the transfer of electrons.

periodic table

Grouping of the known elements by their number of protons. There are many other trends such as size of elements and electronegativity that are easily expressed in terms of the periodic table.

 proton

Particle found in a nucleus with a positive charge. Number of these gives atomic number.

reduction reaction

A reaction in which a substance gains at least one electron.

shells

Where the electrons generally are. These shells are composed of 4 types of electron subshells: s, p, d and f subshells.

single bond

When an electron pair is shared by two atoms.

valence electrons

The electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.

SCHOLASTIC MAGAZINE - MORTAL COMBAT

SCHOLASTIC MAGAZINE PROJECT

"MORTAL COMBAT" p. 12-15

• Read the article & take notes for group discussion

• Watch Video

• Extra Facts 

• Extra Facts II

• Complete the MORTAL COMBAT - Handout

• DUE:  OCTOBER 4, Friday

SCIENCE NEWS - TOASTER #17

SCIENCE NEWS - BARBED WIRED #16

Joseph Glidden was working as a sheriff when an interesting demonstration at a county fair piqued his interest. Tune in to learn how Joseph went from enforcing the law to building barbed wire in this episode. 

SCIENCE NEWS - ONE PINT AT A TIME #15

Before the advent of the modern blood bank, blood could only be stored for about two days. Luckily, when Charles Drew began researching ways to prolong the usefulness of stored blood, his Stuff of Genius struck. 

COUGH & SNEEZE PSA - PROJECT

TASK:
Center for Disease Control (CDC) has contacted me regarding curbing the spread of respiratory infections, such as cold & flus.  They would like to engage our class to research, design & produce a PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT PSA on the safest way to protect others from ones cough and sneeze.  They would like to call this campaign - KEEP YOUR GERMS TO YOURSELF.

We will use the cough & sneeze video below to be our basic storyboard/outline of our project. 

GOAL:  St. Pius X School will show a reduction in students being absent during Flu season due to using safe methods of coughing & sneezing techniques.

AUDIENCE:  the students of St. Pius X School  

THE COUGH

The COUGH

To follow the evolution of cough, scientists use elaborate setups that reveal how much saliva is expelled and where it goes.

They ask people to cough into masks that are carefully weighed before and after the coughs. They illuminate the flows of coughs with powerful lasers and fancy photo techniques and use powerful computers to model this flow of thousands of tiny particles. They use heated manikins and cough machines in rooms filled with tiny droplets of olive oil or theatrical smoke to track how air moves, where breath goes, and how exposed we are to someone else's cough.

A typical cough starts with a deep breath, followed by a compression of air in the lungs and then a crackling burst as that air is forced out in a fraction of a second.

The average human cough would fill about three-quarters of a two-liter soda bottle with air — air that shoots out of the lungs in a jet several feet long. Coughs also force out thousands of tiny droplets of saliva. About 3,000 droplets are expelled in a single cough, and some of them fly out of the mouth at speeds of up to 50 miles per hour.

The SNEEZE

Sneezing is even worse.

It starts at the back of the throat and produces even more droplets — as many as 40,000 — some of which rocket out at speeds greater than 200 miles per hour. The vast majority of the droplets are less than 100 microns across — the width of a human hair. Many of them are so tiny that they cannot be seen with the naked eye.

"What happens to these droplets depends on their size," said fluid dynamicist Bakhtier Farouk of Drexel University in Philadelphia. He is working on software that models how microscopic droplets move around a room.

Most of the larger, heavier drops fall quickly to the floor under the influence of gravity. The smaller and lighter particles (those that are five microns or less across) are less affected by gravity and can stay airborne almost indefinitely as they are caught up in and dispersed by the room's airflow.

Movements in a room can cause the heavier droplets to become airborne again after they have fallen to the ground or another surface. Making a hospital bed can kick up viruses on the covers. Opening a door can dramatically alter the airflow in the room and pull up viruses on the floor. Even walking through a room can spread droplets in a person's wake.

If a person is sick, the droplets in a single cough may contain as many as two hundred million individual virus particles. The number varies dramatically and changes over the course of an infection as the immune system clears out the virus. Generally, a sick person is most infectious as soon as the first symptoms appear and less infectious as his or her immune system clears the virus.

Airborne and ready to infect

Once airborne, viruses in these tiny droplets can survive for hours. Even if the droplets hit a surface, the viruses can survive and still spread disease if the droplets become airborne later. When a droplet lands on paper, its virus particles can survive for hours. On steel or plastic they can survive for days.

Once they are breathed in, the droplets settle onto cells at the back of the throat, where the virus attempts to enter these cells and begin replicating. This may or may not cause an infection. The body's natural defenses are designed to eliminate infections, and whether someone will fall ill depends on how much virus is breathed in and whether the person's immune system has encountered that virus previously.

When people do get sick, the body tries to deal with the infection by bringing up mucus to help clear it. Some of this mucus is swallowed, carrying the virus down to be destroyed by stomach acid. Some viruses in the throat, though, will be expelled when we cough, and this coughing expels the mucus (and new virus) out of the body, thus beginning the whole process anew.

SLIME LAB

SCIENCE NEWS - GERMS OUTSIDE THE BODY #14

SCIENCE NEWS - STANDARD TIME #13

Sanford Fleming: Standard Time 

Although you may not have heard of Sir Sanford Fleming, his Stuff of Genius influences every second of your life. Turn back the clock and take a look at the man who standardized time in this video podcast 

APPS & APES? & BITING BACK - PROJECT

• Read article - take notes
• watch videos - take notes
• students will lead the discussion presenting facts & reviewing the article
• you & your small group will determine how & what you present, meaning which facts are important, defining terms, discussing the information, etc...  
• You have 20 minutes to present your entire program to me & your class.
• students will work in small groups
• your score is dependent only on your work & presentation quality
• I have added a few websites below to help you with any information that you may need clarified further to enhance your research & presentation

APES & TOUCH SCREENS

SCHOLASTIC MAGAZINE - 
GOING APE OVER APPS p. 8-11

AUYMU

Chimp: Wild chimpanzees use at least 66 distinct gestures to communicate with each other

Sumatran orangutan: Observed using objects as tools, including leaves as "toilet paper", large leaves as "umbrellas" and modifying sticks to gather insects.

LEMBA

___________________________________________

SCHOLASTIC MAGAZINE - 
BITING BACK p. 14-17

Read article, watch videos - take notes

students will lead the discussion presenting facts & reviewing the article

students will work in small groups.

VENOMOUS SNAKES

VENOMOUS SNAKES

MISSOURI SNAKES

SNAKE VENOM

SNAKE BITE

WORLD'S DEADLIEST SNAKES

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SCIENTIFIC NAMES

SCIENTIFIC NAMES II

SCIENTIFIC NAMES III

GLOSSARY

ANIMAL FACTS

SCIENCE NEWS - SMALL POX VACCINE #12

Edward Jenner: Smallpox Vaccine 

Although forms of vaccination had been discovered thousands of years ago in Asia and Africa, Western Europeans didn't pick up on it until Edward Jenner turned an old wives' tale into the Stuff of Genius.